UK 2026: Lifecycle carbon‑footprint comparison — refillable e‑cigarettes vs tobacco cigarettes (analysis of GOV.UK disposable‑vapes impact assessment)
This article reviews the current evidence on lifecycle carbon footprints for refillable e‑cigarettes versus tobacco cigarettes in the UK, drawing on the GOV.UK disposable‑vapes impact assessment and 2026 reviews. It explains lifecycle stages, highlights evidence gaps, and outlines policy and consumer implications — emphasising the urgent need for rigorous LCAs.